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Dr. Manu Mengi – Best Orthopedic Doctor in Mohali

Why Expert Physiotherapy for Shoulder Pain Actually Works. - Dr. Aayushi

Why Expert Physiotherapy for Shoulder Pain Actually Works.

Up to 26% of people persistently experience shoulder pain. The shoulder is the most flexible joint in the body, making it prone to injuries that can affect everyday life.

Physiotherapy in Mohali provides a proven way to treat shoulder pain without medication. Research shows that patients get better results when they combine therapeutic exercises with manual therapy. Physical therapy has helped many patients avoid surgery and get long-lasting relief from pain.

This piece explains modern physical therapy methods to treat shoulder pain, from diagnosis to recovery. You’ll learn about proven treatments, exercise programs, and practical ways to build shoulder strength and get back to normal movement at the Best Physiotherapist Clinic in Mohali.

How Physiotherapists Diagnose Shoulder Pain

Physical therapists take a step-by-step approach to figure out what’s causing your shoulder pain. They start with a detailed chat about your symptoms and medical history. This full picture helps them create a treatment plan that works best for you.

Modern assessment techniques

Your physical therapist starts with a hands-on exam to check your shoulder’s movement and strength. They look at how well your shoulder moves and spot any unusual changes in muscle size or bone structure. Advanced imaging like MRI and ultrasound helps them learn about soft tissue problems. Ultrasound offers a budget-friendly way to check rotator cuff issues.

The assessment checks both the movements you can do yourself and those your therapist helps you with. They also look at how well your neck moves. Your therapist tests your shoulder’s response to physical stress, which shows the condition of your tissues and any inflammation.

Common shoulder conditions found

Physical therapists often spot several specific shoulder problems. Research shows shoulder issues affect 7% to 36% of people. These problems make up 1.2% of all GP visits and rank third among muscle and joint consultations.

The most common diagnoses include:

      • Rotator cuff injuries (including tendinitis and tears)

      • Shoulder impingement syndrome

      • Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis)

      • Biceps tendinopathy

      • Acromioclavicular joint problems

    Pain pattern analysis

    Your pain patterns tell a vital story for diagnosis. Physical therapists look at:

    Pain location and timing – Symptoms during specific movements or rest help reveal the mechanisms. Night pain often points to an early frozen shoulder.

    Movement restrictions – Your therapist checks which movements hurt more than others. This helps them know if the problem lies in the glenohumeral joint or nearby structures.

    Daily life effects – Shoulder pain can disrupt basic tasks like getting dressed, personal care, and work. This is a big deal as it means that shoulder issues need quick attention.

    Movement response – Your therapist watches how different movements change your symptoms. This helps them put your condition into specific groups based on limited passive movement or pain during certain motions.

    Today’s diagnostic methods focus on more than just mechanical issues. This all-encompassing approach looks at both physical symptoms and how shoulder pain affects your whole life.

    The Science Behind Shoulder Pain Treatment

    Your shoulder joint’s complex workings explain why expert physiotherapy works better than other treatments. The shoulder moves in amazing ways but this means it has specific treatment needs due to its complex mechanics.

    How shoulder muscles work together

    Your shoulder depends on two muscle groups that work as a team. The first team works at the glenohumeral joint. Here, the deltoid muscle pulls upward while the rotator cuff muscles squeeze and steady the joint. This perfect balance lets your arm move smoothly without slipping out of place.

    The second team includes the trapezius and serratus anterior muscles. These control how your shoulder blade moves. When these muscles do their job right, your arm has a solid base to move from. All the same, if this teamwork breaks down, you’ll feel pain and won’t be able to move freely.

    The rotator cuff muscles keep things stable by:

        • Keeping your arm bone centered in the shoulder socket

        • Supporting movement as it happens

        • Stopping joint shifts that might hurt tissues

      Studies show your shoulder stays stable through both static parts (like ligaments and joint capsule) and dynamic parts (muscles) that work as one. The big muscles – deltoid, pectoralis major, and latissimus dorsi – make powerful moves, while smaller rotator cuff muscles adjust joint position.

      Why some treatments fail

      Looking at failed treatments shows why specialized physiotherapy gets better results. Research shows 3-25% of shoulder surgeries have problems, mostly because:

          1. Wrong Problem Focus: Many treatments target just the pain but miss the mechanisms causing problems. To cite an instance, research shows unusual shoulder blade movement affects how your whole shoulder works and might lead to impingement syndrome.
          2. Half-Done Recovery: Studies show complete recovery needs work on:
          3. Getting joint movement back
          4. Building muscle strength
          5. Fixing movement patterns
          6. Correcting posture
        1. Research proves physiotherapy treatments don’t work when they stand alone instead of being part of a complete program. Then, successful physiotherapy mixes different treatment types and looks at both mechanical and functional recovery aspects.

        Studies confirm shoulder pain gets better when exercise therapy combines with hands-on techniques. The evidence also shows early physiotherapy helps many patients avoid surgery.

        Good shoulder treatment relies heavily on muscles working together properly. A weak or poorly working muscle group changes how your joint moves. Your physiotherapy must bring back both strength and coordination among all shoulder muscles.

        New research shows better results come from working on upper back mobility along with shoulder treatment. This integrated approach recognizes that your shoulder’s function depends on proper movement throughout your upper body, not just the shoulder joint.

        Step-by-Step Recovery Process

        Research in physiotherapy shows a well-laid-out recovery plan works best to treat shoulder pain. Studies point to specific phases that combine to help your shoulder work properly again.

        Original pain management phase

        Your first goal should be pain and inflammation reduction. Research shows that combining hands-on therapy with gentle exercises works better than using just one method. Your physiotherapist will build a personal treatment plan based on your condition and assessment.

        This phase has these main parts:

            • Passive joint mobilization to help movement

            • Exercises to improve range of movement

            • Ice or heat therapy that matches your condition

            • Specific stretching techniques

          Rebuilding shoulder strength

          Strengthening becomes vital after managing the initial pain. Research points out that guided exercise programs bring substantial benefits for both quick and lasting recovery. A study showed much higher recovery rates and better function compared to placebo treatments.

          Your strength program usually has:

              • Progressive resistance training: You start with gentle exercises and build up intensity

              • Rotator cuff exercises: These target stability and control

              • Scapular strengthening: This ensures proper shoulder blade movement

              • Functional movement patterns: These bring back normal motion sequences

            Return to daily activities

            Research reveals that patients usually return to different activities in a set order. Simple movements in front of the body come back within 2-3 months. Complex activities need more time. Your physiotherapist will help you progress safely through these stages.

            A detailed study tracked how long various activities took to recover:

                • Basic self-care tasks (eating, washing face): 2 months

                • Overhead reaching: 4 months

                • Behind-the-back movements: 9 months

                • Lifting moderate weights: 10 months

                • Sports activities: 14 months

              Prevention of future problems

              Your long-term success depends on keeping your shoulder healthy after recovery. Research shows that specific prevention strategies substantially lower injury recurrence. A study found that following a well-laid-out shoulder prevention program led to 28% lower odds of future shoulder injuries.

              Key preventive steps should include:

                  • Regular strength maintenance: Keep doing proper exercises even after recovery

                  • Posture awareness: Keep proper alignment during daily activities

                  • Activity modification: Change movements to avoid strain

                  • Early intervention: Take care of small issues before they grow serious

                New evidence suggests mixing therapeutic exercises with hands-on therapy works better than either method alone. Studies also confirm that early physiotherapy helps many patients avoid surgery completely.

                Latest Physiotherapy Treatment Methods

                Manual therapy paired with targeted exercises are the life-blood of modern shoulder rehabilitation. Research shows better patient outcomes through new treatment methods.

                Advanced manual therapy

                Clinical studies show that manual therapy on the glenohumeral joint helps patients with many shoulder conditions. Patients experience better passive mobility after just one treatment session with mobilization techniques.

                Modern manual therapy includes several specialized techniques:

                    • Mobilization with movement: Studies confirm quick improvement in range of motion

                    • End-range mobilization: Research shows better mobility when therapists work on end-range techniques

                  Manual therapy helps boost muscle performance by changing how your central nervous system processes pain and movement. Research shows that patients who combine manual therapy with resistance exercises see better results in shoulder function and satisfaction at 6 and 12 months than those who only exercise.

                  New exercise techniques

                  Today’s physiotherapy uses innovative exercise methods backed by science. Research proves that shoulder-specific exercises work better than general workouts.

                  The latest advances in exercise therapy include:

                  Scapular Control Training Your scapular (shoulder blade) muscles help you move smoothly. Research shows that the wrong scapular position can affect shoulder stability and cause pain. Modern exercise programs target these stabilizing muscles to fix shoulder mechanics.

                  Direction-Specific TrainingEMG studies show that rotator cuff muscles work together during shoulder movements. This knowledge helps physiotherapists create exercises that:

                      • Counter translation forces

                      • Support joint stability

                      • Stop unwanted movement during arm motion

                    Progressive Loading ProgramsResearch supports adding loaded exercises safely into rehabilitation. Physiotherapists now use:

                        • Virtual reality environments to make therapy fun

                        • Water therapy to build strength gently

                        • Wearable devices to track progress

                      Research shows that too much exercise can make tendons thicker in people with shoulder pain. Modern protocols focus on proper rest between exercise sessions.

                      Clinical trials prove that mixing these advanced manual techniques with step-by-step exercise programs gives the best results. Many patients who follow complete physiotherapy programs get better without surgery and keep their improved shoulder function.

                      Preventing Surgery Through Physiotherapy

                      Recent clinical studies show amazing success rates when physiotherapy helps prevent shoulder surgery. A newer study, published in the Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery tracked over 400 patients with rotator cuff tears who underwent physiotherapy treatment.

                      Success rates and studies

                      More evidence supports physiotherapy as an alternative to surgery. Physiotherapy helped 74% of patients with rotator cuff tears avoid surgery after 12 weeks. The results get better – a 13-year study found that 90% of patients had little to no shoulder pain.

                      The Bone & Joint Journal published research about patients with partial rotator cuff tears. The study showed that physiotherapy matched surgery’s results at the one-year mark. Both groups reached 85% or higher patient satisfaction rates. The physiotherapy group felt less pain during recovery.

                      Key factors that determine outcomes

                      Your success with physiotherapy depends on several vital elements:

                      Treatment AdherenceStudies confirm that regular exercise relates to better outcomes. Patients who do daily home exercises see big improvements in shoulder mobility faster.

                      Early Intervention Patients starting physiotherapy within 6-12 weeks of first symptoms rarely need surgery. This makes early treatment vital.

                      Comprehensive Assessment Good physiotherapy programs look at multiple factors:

                          • Physical impairments

                          • Movement patterns

                          • Posture correction

                          • Daily activity modifications

                        Patient ExpectationsStudies show that positive attitudes toward physiotherapy lead to better outcomes. Your physiotherapist helps set realistic goals based on your condition.

                        Treatment Customization A qualified physiotherapist creates personal exercise programs based on:

                            • Your specific shoulder condition

                            • Individual needs

                            • Current strength levels

                            • Range of motion limitations

                          Clinical evidence suggests that mixing hands-on therapy with targeted exercises works best. This method helps restore shoulder movement, improves muscle balance and joint stability.

                          Physiotherapy offers a budget-friendly alternative to surgery. Studies show that conservative treatment through physiotherapy saves lots of money compared to surgical procedures. This approach also avoids surgical complications and speeds up recovery.

                          Conclusion

                          Research shows that expert physiotherapy provides a reliable way to recover from shoulder pain. Physiotherapists help patients get lasting relief without surgery through detailed diagnosis, well-laid-out rehabilitation, and modern treatment methods.

                          The numbers tell a compelling story. About 74% of patients avoid surgery with dedicated physiotherapy programs. The largest longitudinal study shows that 90% of patients have minimal or no shoulder pain after they complete their treatment plans.

                          Your shoulder’s health depends on quick action at the time pain starts. Getting help early substantially increases your chances of successful recovery and shortens treatment time. Professional physiotherapy uses proven hands-on techniques with targeted exercises that tackle both immediate symptoms and mechanisms behind the pain.

                          Note that shoulder rehabilitation needs patience and dedication. Recovery times differ based on each person’s condition, but following Dr. Aayushi’s guidance ensures the best results. Most patients see major improvements within 2-4 months. Complex activities might need up to 14 months to fully recover.

                          Physiotherapy proves to be an economical, drug-free solution to shoulder pain. This evidence-based approach relieves your current discomfort and gives you strategies to keep your shoulders healthy and prevent future injuries.

                          FAQs

                          Q1. How effective is physiotherapy for shoulder pain?

                          A1. Physiotherapy is highly effective for shoulder pain, with studies showing that up to 74% of patients with rotator cuff tears can avoid surgery through dedicated physiotherapy programs. It combines manual therapy techniques with targeted exercises to address both symptoms and underlying causes.

                          Q2. How long does it take to recover from shoulder pain with physiotherapy?

                          A2. Recovery timelines vary depending on the specific condition, but most patients see substantial improvements within 2-4 months of starting physiotherapy. Complete recovery for complex activities may take up to 14 months. Consistency with prescribed exercises and early intervention are key factors in speeding up recovery.

                          Q3. What techniques do physiotherapists use to treat shoulder pain?

                          A3. Physiotherapists employ a range of techniques, including manual therapy (such as joint mobilisation and deep friction massage), targeted strengthening exercises, scapular control training, and progressive loading programs. They may also incorporate modern tools like virtual reality environments and wearable technology to enhance treatment effectiveness.

                          Q4. Can physiotherapy help prevent shoulder surgery?

                          A4. Yes, physiotherapy can often help patients avoid shoulder surgery. Studies show that early intervention with physiotherapy can prevent the need for surgical procedures in many cases. Additionally, physiotherapy has been found to produce equivalent functional outcomes to surgery for certain conditions, such as partial rotator cuff tears.

                          Q5. What are the benefits of choosing physiotherapy for shoulder pain over other treatments?

                          A5. Physiotherapy offers several advantages for treating shoulder pain. It’s a drug-free, non-invasive approach that addresses the root cause of the problem rather than just masking symptoms. It also equips patients with strategies to maintain long-term shoulder health and prevent future injuries. Furthermore, physiotherapy is often more cost-effective than surgical interventions and avoids potential surgical complications.

                          March 12, 2025 / by Manu
                          Expert Guide - Physiotherapy Management of Stroke - From Hospital to Home Recovery - Dr. Aayushi

                          Expert Guide: Physiotherapy Management of Stroke – From Hospital to Home Recovery

                          Stroke stands as the second leading cause of death and the main cause of disability across the country. The numbers paint a grim picture, but physiotherapy management has proven to be a soaring win in rehabilitation. Research backs this up – 30 out of 53 interventions show positive outcomes. Dr. Aayushi, a renowned Physiotherapist in Mohali, emphasises how important physiotherapy is in stroke rehabilitation, as it plays a vital part in helping stroke patients get back their function, independence, and quality of life.

                          Physiotherapy is a vital part of helping stroke patients get back their function, independence, and quality of life. Research points to specific timeframes that work best. Patients need at least 17 hours of therapy spread over 10 weeks to see real improvements in their body function and daily activities.

                          This piece walks you through detailed physiotherapy approaches from hospital care to home rehabilitation. You’ll learn about everything in stroke recovery – from proven techniques to practical strategies that help survivors realize their full recovery potential.

                          Understanding Stroke and Its Effects

                          The brain controls your body functions and determines how a stroke affects your movement and daily life. Each brain hemisphere controls the opposite side of your body, so a stroke on the left side affects the right side of your body and vice versa.

                          How stroke affects movement and function

                          A stroke disrupts your brain’s coordination of movements and sensory information processing. Your cerebellum sits in the lower part of the brain and manages motor functions like coordination, posture, and balance. The primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe creates nerve impulses that control movement. Damage to these areas can lead to hemiparesis – weakness on one side of your body.

                          Common physical challenges after stroke

                          Two-thirds of stroke patients have mobility problems at first. These physical challenges often include: • Muscle weakness or paralysis on one side
                          • Spasticity (muscle stiffness and spasms)
                          • Balance and coordination problems
                          • Sensory changes and numbness
                          • Post-stroke fatigue
                          • Difficulty with swallowing (dysphagia)

                          Impact on daily activities

                          Stroke effects disrupt everyday tasks by a lot. About 75% of stroke patients struggle with daily activities. After age 65, about 80% of people who have strokes face chronic disability. Simple activities like dressing, preparing meals, and personal hygiene become challenging.

                          Your independence with daily activities affects your quality of life and social participation. Most patients see changes in their roles because they lose autonomy. Tasks that used to be automatic now need careful planning and extra time. Moving to bed, chairs, toilet, and bathtub becomes especially challenging. Social cognition skills, including problem-solving and memory, are vital to building relationships and staying independent.

                          Early Hospital-Based Physiotherapy

                          Physical therapy starts within 24 to 36 hours after hospital admission. This vital change in stroke care approach has transformed patient outcomes. Modern stroke management teams now include rehabilitation professionals from day one.

                          Original assessment process

                          Rehabilitation professionals begin a detailed assessment within 48 hours of admission. The evaluation process includes:
                          • Mobility assessment – bed movements and transfer capabilities
                          • Functional evaluation – daily living activities analysis
                          • Communication screening – speech and cognitive functions
                          • Balance and walking capability review
                          • Range of motion tests on affected body parts

                          The assessment team has physiatrists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, and psychologists. This team approach will give a full picture of all areas needing rehabilitation.

                          Preventing complications through early intervention

                          Early mobilization is the life-blood of preventing post-stroke complications. Research shows that early rehabilitation improves physical function and cuts down longer-term complications. Patients receive up to two 30-minute physical therapy sessions each day. They also get occupational and speech therapy.

                          The focus then changes to preventing secondary complications through targeted interventions. Complications from immobility cause 51% of deaths in the first 30 days after ischemic stroke. The rehabilitation team uses specific strategies, such as:
                          Movement-Based Prevention: Early mobilization reduces risks of atelectasis, pneumonia, and deep vein thrombosis. Physical therapists watch initial transfers from bed to upright positions and look for any neurological changes during movement.
                          Specialized Care Protocols: Research shows that quick spasticity treatment with physiotherapy reduces overall costs by a lot compared to standard care. The team uses alternating pressure mattresses and specialized positioning techniques to prevent pressure sores and joint contractures.

                          This structured approach helps some patients recover faster. They can go directly to outpatient care instead of acute rehabilitation units. These patients continue their recovery at home sooner, which leads to better outcomes in their rehabilitation trip.

                          Core Rehabilitation Techniques

                          Stroke survivors need a detailed approach that focuses on rehabilitation to restore their physical function. Studies show balance issues affect up to 83% of patients. We noticed these problems stem from reduced control of limbs and trunk.

                          Restoring balance and coordination

                          Balance rehabilitation works best when static stability exercises combine with dynamic training protocols. A successful balance training program should include:
                          • Static exercises – maintaining balance while stationary
                          • Dynamic stability training – balance control during motion
                          • Functional training – integrating balance into daily activities
                          • Perturbation-based training – improving reactions to unexpected forces
                          • Sensory orientation exercises – enhancing visual and proprioceptive inputs

                          Gait training methods

                          The ability to walk remains a vital goal for stroke patients in rehabilitation. Better walking endurance associates directly with how well patients reintegrate into their communities. Gait training uses multiple proven approaches, including body-weight supported treadmill training and intensive mobility exercises.

                          Muscle strengthening exercises

                          Muscle strength plays a key role in recovery. Lower extremity muscle strength associates substantially (r= .5~.8) with walking speed. This is especially true for ankle plantarflexors, hip flexors, and knee extensors. All the same, strengthening exercises must target specific tasks to maximize functional gains.

                          Managing spasticity

                          Spasticity affects about 25% of patients within two weeks after stroke. The best management approach combines physical techniques with medication. Spasticity commonly develops in:
                          • Elbow (79%)
                          • Wrist (66%)
                          • Shoulder (58%)

                          Treatment protocols aim to reduce muscle hypertonia while improving function. Physical therapy techniques like stretching and positioning work among other medical interventions to get optimal results. Recent evidence shows that combining these approaches works better than using just one method.

                          Home Recovery Program

                          The transition from hospital to home is a vital phase in stroke recovery. Patients need consistent rehabilitation to achieve long-term success. Research shows that home-based therapy helps patients return home earlier while continuing their recovery experience.

                          Setting up a safe exercise space

                          A secure environment is the foundation of successful home rehabilitation. Studies show that up to 73% of stroke survivors fall within six months of discharge. The exercise area must have:
                          • Well-lit hallways and stairways
                          • Clutter-free walkways
                          • Properly positioned furniture for easy movement
                          • Non-slip surfaces
                          • Adequate space for exercise equipment
                          • Easy access to support structures

                          The exercise space should adapt to the patient’s current mobility level and future improvements.

                          Daily exercise routines

                          Home exercise programs need a well-laid-out approach to work best. Research shows patients should do three hours of upper extremity exercises daily, five days per week. The program has:
                          Progressive strengthening exercises for specific muscle groups, balance training, and task-related activities. Exercises that blend range of motion, coordination, and functional tasks show significant improvements in mobility and independence.

                          Studies show that a 4-week remotely prescribed sit-to-stand home exercise program with tablet-based software games boosts recovery. The most important recovery period lasts 2-3 months after stroke. This makes consistent home exercise vital during this time.

                          Exercise intensity should challenge patients without causing frustration that could reduce motivation. Taking breaks when needed and stopping when tired helps patients stick to the program long-term.

                          Monitoring progress

                          Progress tracking works alongside regular exercise to boost recovery. Modern monitoring methods include:
                          Therapists can supervise remotely to assess performance and adjust programs. They can track activities through apps and send weekly messages to celebrate achievements and encourage more practice.

                          Progress tracking involves:
                          • Daily activity diaries that record exercise duration and intensity
                          • Step count measurements using pedometers
                          • Heart rate monitoring through wearable devices
                          • Regular assessment of functional improvements

                          Research shows that home-based semi-supervised physiotherapy programs achieve good patient engagement and satisfaction. One study found that a 3-day-per-week home program led to significant improvement in walking capacity. Participants increased their 6-minute walk test distance by 57 meters.

                          New commercial wearable sensors track physiological signals during remote exercise sessions. These devices help detect problems and adjust program intensity. They work especially well for patients in remote areas since they can receive them by mail.

                          Conclusion

                          Physiotherapy is the life-blood of stroke recovery that offers hope and proven results for patients and their families. Research clearly shows how consistent rehabilitation substantially improves outcomes for stroke survivors. This improvement starts from early hospital intervention and continues through home recovery.

                          New technological advances like robotic devices and virtual reality systems boost recovery potential. The success ended up depending on dedicated participation in rehabilitation programs. Studies reveal that patients who combine traditional physiotherapy with modern technology-based approaches achieve better functional improvements and increased independence.

                          The recovery experience from hospital to home needs careful planning and adaptation. Home-based programs work just as effectively as facility-based rehabilitation when properly structured and monitored. The proper setup of exercise spaces and consistent progress tracking helps ensure safe, green recovery.

                          Stroke rehabilitation just needs patience and persistence. The evidence supports that structured physiotherapy programs help stroke survivors regain function and improve their quality of life when managed to keep over time. Each small improvement adds to overall recovery, making every therapy session valuable in the rehabilitation experience.

                          FAQs

                          Q1. What are the key components of a home-based physiotherapy program for stroke recovery?

                          A1. A home-based program typically includes progressive strengthening exercises, balance training, and task-related activities. It’s recommended to perform exercises for about three hours daily, five days a week, focusing on range of motion, coordination, and functional tasks. The program should be challenging yet manageable, with regular breaks to maintain long-term adherence.

                          Q2. How does early physiotherapy intervention benefit stroke patients?

                          A2. Early physiotherapy intervention, starting within 24 to 36 hours of hospital admission, is crucial for preventing complications and improving outcomes. It helps reduce risks of atelectasis, pneumonia, and deep vein thrombosis through early mobilization. Swift intervention also improves physical function and reduces longer-term complications, potentially allowing patients to transition to outpatient care sooner.

                          Q3. How can caregivers support stroke recovery at home?

                          A3. Caregivers can support stroke recovery at home by creating a safe exercise space, encouraging consistent exercise routines, and monitoring progress. This includes ensuring well-lit, clutter-free areas, helping with daily exercise routines, and tracking improvements through activity diaries or wearable devices. Emotional support and vigilance for signs of complications are also crucial.

                          Q4. What are the most effective physiotherapy techniques for improving balance and gait in stroke patients?

                          A4. Effective techniques for improving balance and gait include static and dynamic stability exercises, functional training, and perturbation-based training. Gait training methods such as body-weight supported treadmill training and intensive mobility exercises have shown positive results. Additionally, muscle strengthening exercises, particularly for lower extremities, significantly correlate with improved walking speed and overall mobility.

                           

                          February 24, 2025 / by Manu